Permittivity and Permeability of Materials Obstacle Course: Difference between revisions

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[[File:RCVdivider.png|right|350px]]
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# Employ the guarded-electrode setup above and measure the lossy material's capacitance and conductance. <math>C=\epsilon^'\frac{A}{d}</math> and  <math>G=\omega \epsilon^{''} \frac{A}{d}</math>, where <math>\epsilon^'\text{/}</math><math>\epsilon^{''}</math> are, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity.
# Employ the guarded-electrode setup above and measure the lossy material's capacitance <math>C</math> and conductance <math>G</math>. <math>C=\epsilon^'\frac{A}{d}</math> and  <math>G=\omega \epsilon^{''} \frac{A}{d}</math>, where <math>\epsilon^'\text{/}</math><math>\epsilon^{''}</math> are, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity.
## Simultaneously measure the voltage across the resistor <math>V_R</math> and Lock-in voltage <math>V_{Lock-in}</math> at <math>V_{out}</math>. Employ a lock-in time constant that is much longer than the period of the AC driving voltage. The lock-in voltage <math>V_{Lock-in}</math> is given by <math>V_{Lock-in}=\frac{1}{2}V_{out} \,\, cos(\theta)</math> , where <math>V_{out}</math> is the voltage across the capacitor and <math>\theta</math> is the phase difference between the AC driving voltage and <math>V_{out}</math>
## Simultaneously measure the voltage across the resistor <math>V_R</math> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-in_amplifier Lock-in] (both in-phase <math>X</math>and in-quadrature<math>Y</math>) voltages <math>V_{Lock-in}</math> at <math>V_{out}</math>. Employ a lock-in time constant that is much longer than the period of the AC driving voltage. The lock-in voltage <math>V_{Lock-in}</math> is given by <math>V_{Lock-in}(X)=\frac{1}{2}V_{out} \,\, cos(\theta)</math> and <math>V_{Lock-in}(Y)=\frac{1}{2}V_{out} \,\, sin(\theta)</math>, where <math>V_{out}</math> is the voltage across the capacitor and <math>\theta</math> is the phase difference between the AC driving voltage and <math>V_{out}</math>
## The current through the capacitor is given by <math>I_C=V_R/R</math>. The voltage across the capacitor is given by <math>V_{out}=Z_C I_C</math>, where <math>Z_C</math> is the capacitor's impedance. Solve for the impedance <math>Z_C</math>.
## The current through the capacitor is given by <math>I_C=V_R/R</math>. The voltage across the capacitor is given by <math>V_{out}=Z_C I_C</math>, where <math>Z_C</math> is the capacitor's impedance. Solve for the impedance <math>Z_C</math>.
## The capacitor's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admittance admittance] <math>Y_C</math> is given by <math>Y_C=\frac{1}{Z_C}</math>, where the <math>Re(Y_C)=G</math> (the conductance) and the <math>Im(Y_C)=B</math> (the susceptance). Calculate <math>G</math>.
## The capacitor's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admittance admittance] <math>Y_C</math> is given by <math>Y_C=\frac{1}{Z_C}</math>, where the <math>Re(Y_C)=G</math> (the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance conductance]) and the <math>Im(Y_C)=B</math> (the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptance susceptance]). Calculate <math>G</math>.
## Read section 13.1 (pages 106-107) in this [[http://hank.uoregon.edu/wiki/images/b/b5/Measuring_the_Permittivity_and_Permeability_of_Lossy_Materials_-_Solids%2C_Liquids%2C_Metals%2C_Building_Materials_and_Negative-Index_Materials_.pdf paper]].
## Read section 13.1 (pages 106-107) in this [[http://hank.uoregon.edu/wiki/images/b/b5/Measuring_the_Permittivity_and_Permeability_of_Lossy_Materials_-_Solids%2C_Liquids%2C_Metals%2C_Building_Materials_and_Negative-Index_Materials_.pdf paper]].
## Calculate the relative permittivity <math>\epsilon_r</math> as <math>\epsilon'_r=\frac{C}{C_{air}}</math> and <math>\epsilon''_r=\frac{G}{\omega C_{air}}</math>.
## Calculate the relative permittivity <math>\epsilon_r</math> as <math>\epsilon'_r=\frac{C}{C_{air}}</math> and <math>\epsilon''_r=\frac{G}{\omega C_{air}}</math>.

Revision as of 19:18, 21 May 2018

PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION


Permanent Materials

- 6061 3/8" Al rod stock
- Teflon
- Glass microscope slide
- HP Signal Generator (DC-1 GHz)
- Oscilloscope (at least 1GHz bandwidth)
- Miscellaneous electrical components

Materials to Borrow When Necessary

- Milling machine
- Lathe
- RF Lockin

Activities

Reading

  1. Read the Wikipedia articles on permittivity and permeability. With the help of the instructor or TA try to achieve a physical understanding of just what the permittivity and permeability mean in a bulk material.
  2. Read the first three sections of this paper (pages 1-27). Pay particular attention to the permittivity (Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon} ) / capacitance and permeability (Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} ) / inductance associations.

Capacitance Techniques (Below 10MHz)

* Permittivity of a Lossless Material From a Capacitance Measurement

  1. Place three samples (air, Teflon, glass) between the aligned and polished ends of two 3/8" diameter, 1/2" lengths of 6061 Al rods (as shown at right). Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d} should be on the order of 1 mm. Measure the capacitances and, from the known surface area Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A} and spacing Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d} , determine the material's relative permittivity. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C = \epsilon_r \epsilon_0 \frac{A}{d}} (for a capacitor with no fringing fields).
  2. How do your measured permittivity values compare to standard reference values?
  3. Use this web applet to build a capacitor and observe the field lines . Are there fringing fields?

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_r} (air): 1.000536
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_r} (Teflon): 2.1
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_r} (glass): 3.7-10

* A Better Permittivity-Capacitance Measurement of a Lossless Material

  1. Use this web applet to build a guarded-electrode capacitor (as shown at the right) and observe the field lines . Are there fringing fields?
  2. Measure the three permittivities (air, Teflon, glass) again using this guarded-electrode setup.
  3. How do these results compare to your first (unguarded) measurements?
  4. How do these results compare to the standard values?




The measurements above for a lossless material amounts to requiring the permittivity to be real (as opposed to complex). However, for a lossy material, the permittivity is complex and we need an additional characteristic (beyond simply the capacitance) to characterize the material. This additional characteristic is the conductance Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} . The measurement below will include the conductance of the material.






* Permittivity of a Lossy Material From a Capacitance Measurement (up to 50 MHz)

  1. Employ the guarded-electrode setup above and measure the lossy material's capacitance Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C} and conductance Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} . Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C=\epsilon^'\frac{A}{d}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G=\omega \epsilon^{''} \frac{A}{d}} , where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon^'\text{/}} are, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity.
    1. Simultaneously measure the voltage across the resistor and Lock-in (both in-phase and in-quadrature) voltages at . Employ a lock-in time constant that is much longer than the period of the AC driving voltage. The lock-in voltage is given by and , where is the voltage across the capacitor and is the phase difference between the AC driving voltage and
    2. The current through the capacitor is given by . The voltage across the capacitor is given by , where is the capacitor's impedance. Solve for the impedance .
    3. The capacitor's admittance is given by , where the (the conductance) and the (the susceptance). Calculate Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} .
    4. Read section 13.1 (pages 106-107) in this [paper].
    5. Calculate the relative permittivity Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_r} as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon'_r=\frac{C}{C_{air}}} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon''_r=\frac{G}{\omega C_{air}}} .
    6. Do the above procedure for at least three frequencies between 10 MHz and 50 MHz.
    7. Plot Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon'_r} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon''_r} as a function of frequency.





Waveguide Techniques (above 50MHz)

coming soon...

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